SMAART Well-being

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a widely recognized tool for assessing an individual's perception of stress. It evaluates the extent to which people view their daily experiences as stressful. The scale measures feelings of unpredictability, lack of control, and being overwhelmed. Additionally, it includes direct questions about current stress levels. Participants respond based on their emotions and thoughts over the past month, indicating how frequently they experienced certain feelings.

Child Outcomes Research Consortium. (n.d.). Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Www.corc.uk.net. https://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/perceived-stress-scale-pss-10/

The MSPSS is a 12-item scale designed to measure perceptions of social support from three distinct sources: family, friends, and a significant other.

Zimet, G. (2016, December 9). Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) - Scale Items and Scoring Information. ResearchGate; unknown. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311534896_Multidimensional_Scale_of_Perceived_Social_Support_MSPSS_-_Scale_Items_and_Scoring_Information

Measures self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's ability to execute tasks and manage challenges effectively.

Schwarzer, R. (2012). The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). ResearchGate, 1–4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298348466_The_General_Self-Efficacy_Scale_GSE

To assess subjective well-being and screen for potential depression.

De Graaff, A., Van Ommeren, M., World Health Organization, Psychiatric Centre North Zealand, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, & WHO Regional Office in Europe. (2024). The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mental-health/who-5_english-original.pdf?sfvrsn=ed43f352_3&download=true

To measure whether individuals attribute their well-being to internal factors (personal effort, self-management) or external factors (luck, fate, other people's actions).

Dusanee Kesavayuth, Tran, D. B., & Zikos, V. (2022). Locus of control and subjective well-being: Panel evidence from Australia. PLoS ONE, 17(8), e0272714–e0272714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272714

The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a self-reported instrument designed to assess an individual's ability to recover from stress and adversity, often referred to as "bouncing back."

Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972